يقول تعالى ذكره لم يجعل الله ارداف الملائكة بعضها بعضاً وتتابعها بالمصير اليكم أيها المؤمنون مدداً لكم إلا بشرى لكم أي بشارة لكم تبشركم بنصر الله إياكم على اعدائكم ﴿ ولتطمئن به قلوبكم ﴾ يقول ولتسكن قلوبكم بمجيئها اليكم وتوقِنَ بنصرة الله لكم … عن القاسم قال قال رسول الله ﷺ إني لم ابعث لأعذِّب بعذاب الله إنما بعثت لضرب الأعناق وشدّ الوثاق … والصواب من القول في ذلك أن يقال أن الله أمر المؤمنين معلِّمهم كيفية قتل المشركين وضربهم بالسيف أن يضربوا فوق الأعناق منهم والايدي والأرجل وقوله ﴿ فوق الأعناق ﴾ محتمل أن يكون مراداً بالرؤوس ومحتمل أن يكون مراداً له من فوق جلدة الأعناق ... وأما قوله ﴿ واضربوا منهم كل بنان ﴾ فإن معناه واضربوا أيها المؤمنون من عدوكم كل طرف ومَفصِل من أطراف أيديهم وأرجلهم … ﴿ ذلك بأنهم ﴾ هذا الفعل من ضرب هؤلاء الكفرة فوق الأعناق وضرب كل بنان منهم جزاء لهم بشقاقهم الله ورسوله وعقاب لهم عليه ومعنى قوله ﴿ شاقّوا الله ورسوله ﴾ فارقوا أمر الله ورسوله وعصوهما وأطاعوا أمر الشيطان ومعنى قوله ﴿ ومن يشاقق الله رسوله ﴾ ومن يخالف أمر الله وأمر رسوله وفارق طاعتهما
تفسير الطبري الأنفال ٩-١٣
He (may His remembrance be exalted) says: Allah sent the succession of angels, continuously one after the other, destined for you, oh Believers, as reinforcement for you, only as good tidings to you, that is, to bring you the good news of Allah’s victory for you over your enemies. { So that your hearts might thereby be at ease } ; He is saying: So your hearts will be still by them coming to you, and be certain of Allah’s support to you … From Qasim, who said: The Messenger of Allah (SAW) said: Indeed I have not been sent forth to punish with Allah’s punishment, rather I have been sent forth to strike people's necks and tighten shackles. … The accurate way to say this is to say that Allah has commanded the Believers, instructing them in the manner of killing the Idolaters [Mushrikun] and striking them with the sword – that they should strike over their necks, and their hands and feet. His word { Over the necks } implies that the intent is their heads, and implies that the target is above the skin of the neck. … Moreover His word { And strike off all their fingertips } : Indeed the meaning of this is: Strike, oh Believers, on your enemy, all the tips and joints off the ends of their hands and feet. … { This is because } : striking these Disbelievers over the necks and striking off all their fingertips is their recompense for antagonizing Allah and His Messenger, and their punishment for it. The meaning of His word: { They have antagonized Allah and His Messenger } is that they have departed from the command of Allah and His Messenger, have disobeyed both of them, and have obeyed the command of Satan. The meaning of His word { Whoever antagonizes Allah and His Messenger } is: Whoever opposes the command of Allah and the command of His Messenger and departs from obedience to both of them.
Tafsir Al-Tabari, Al-anfal 9-13