عن محمد بن إسحاق المطلبي وكان رسول الله ﷺ قبل بَيعة العقبة لم يؤذن له في الحرب ولم تُحلَّل له الدماء إنما يؤمر بالدعاء إلى الله والصبر على الأذى والصفح عن الجاهل وكانت قريش قد اضطهدت من اتّبعه من المهاجرين حتى فتنوهم عن دينهم ونفوهم من بلادهم فهم من بين مفتون في دينه ومن بين معذَّب في أيديهم وبين هارب في البلاد فراراً منهم منهم من بأرض الحبشة ومنهم من بالمدينة وفي كل وجه
فلما عتت قريش على الله عز وجل وردوا عليه ما ارادهم به من الكرامة وكذّبوا نبيه ﷺ وعذّبوا ونفوا من عبَده ووحّده وصدق نبيه وإعتصم بدينه أذن الله عز وجل لرسوله ﷺ في القتال والامتناع والإنتصار ممن ظلمهم وبغى عليهم فكانت أول آية اُنزلت في إذنه في الحرب واحلاله له الدماء والقتال لمن بغى عليهم فيما بلغني عن عروة بن الزبير وغيره من العلماء قول الله تبارك وتعالى ﴿ الحج ٣٩-٤١ ﴾ أي إني انما أحللت لهم القتال لأنهم ظُلموا ولم يكن لهم ذنب فيما بينهم وبين الناس إلا أن يعبدوا لله وأنهم إذا ظهروا أقاموا الصلاة وآتوا الزكاة وأمروا بالمعروف ونهوا عن المنكر يعني النبي ﷺ وأصحابه رضي الله عنهم أجمعين
ثم أنزل الله تبارك وتعالى عليه ﴿ وقاتلوهم حتى لا تكون فتنة ﴾ أي حتى لا يُفتن مؤمن عن دينه ﴿ ويكون الدين لله ﴾ أي حتى يُعبد الله لا يعبد معه غيره
السيرة النبوية لإبن هشام نزول الأمر لرسول الله ﷺ في القتال
From Muhammad ibn Ishaq Al-Mutallabi: The Messenger of Allah (SAW), before the Pledge of ‘Aqaba, was not given permission to wage war, and bloodshed was not permitted to him; rather He was ordered to make supplication to Allah, to bear insult patiently, and to be lenient with the ignorant. And the Quraysh persecuted the emigrants [muhajirun] who followed him, to the point of drawing them away from their religion and banishing them from their land. So they were either drawn away from their religion, punished at their [Quraysh’s] hands, or fled from their land to escape from them – some went to the land of the Ethiopians, some to Medina, and in every direction.
But when the Quraysh became arrogant towards Allah High and Exalted, refused the esteem that He desired for them, accused His Prophet (SAW) of lying, and punished and banished those who worshipped Him, who ascribed oneness to Him, believed His prophet, and held strong to their religion, then Allah Mighty and Sublime gave His Messenger (SAW) permission to fight, desist from, and overcome those who oppressed them and treated them wrongly. The first verse that was sent down regarding His permission to wage war, make bloodshed permissible, and fight those who wronged them, as far as what I found out from ‘Urwa ibn Al-Zubair and other scholars besides him, was the word of Allah Blessed and Exalted [Al-hajj 39-41] . This is to say: Indeed I have made fighting permissible for them because they have been oppressed, and they are guilty of no wrong between the people and them except that they worship Allah, and because whenever they present themselves, they observe prayer, bring zakat, prescribe what is right and prohibit what is wrong, that is, the Prophet (SAW) and his Companions (may Allah be pleased with them all).
Then Allah Blessed and Exalted sent down to him { And fight them until there is no more sedition } ; that is, until no believer is enticed away from his religion { And religion belongs to Allah } ; that is, until Allah is worshipped and no other than Him is worshipped. [Al-baqara 193]
Ibn Hisham, Al-sirah Al-nabawiya [Biography of the Prophet], Topic section: the order to fight coming down to the Messenger (SAW)